Efeitos do probiótico Saccharomyces ceveriseae no tratamento da periodontite experimental em ratos submetidos à quimioterapia / Effects of the probiotic Saccharomyces Ceveriseae in the treatment of experimental periodontitis in rats undergoing chemotherapy

O presente estudo teve a finalidade de avaliar os efeitos do uso do probiótico (PRO) Saccharomyces ceveriseae coadjuvante à raspagem e alisamento radicular (RAR) no tratamento da periodontite experimental (PE) induzida em animais imunossuprimidos com o quimioterápico 5-Fluorouracil (5FU). Cento e oito animais foram submetidos à indução da PE por meio da instalação de um fio de algodão ao redor do primeiro molar inferior esquerdo ou direito. A imunossupressão foi obtida pela injeção intraperitoneal do 5FU aplicada em dois momentos: no ato da instalação da ligadura e após 48 horas. Sete dias após instalação a ligadura foi removida e os animais separados aleatoriamente em seis grupos experimentais que receberam os seguintes tratamentos: PE (n=18) - animais que não sofreram nenhum tratamento sistêmico ou local; SS (n=18) - animais que não sofreram tratamento local, apenas tratamento sistêmico com solução salina (SS); 5FU (n=18) - animais tratados sistemicamente com 5FU que não sofreram nenhum tratamento local; 5FU-PRO (n=18) - animais tratados sistemicamente com 5FU que receberam irrigação local com 0,6 ml de PRO; 5FURAR (n=18) - animais tratados sistemicamente com 5FU que receberam RAR e; 5FURAR-PRO (n=18) - animais tratados sistemicamente com 5FU, que receberam tratamento com RAR e irrigação local com 0,6 ml de PRO. Seis animais de cada período foram submetidos à eutanásia aos 7, 15 e 30 dias após os tratamentos. Os espécimes contendo a área interessada foram obtidos e processados para a análise histopatológica, histométrica da perda óssea alveolar (POA), porcentagem de tecido ósseo (PTO), porcentagem de osso vital (POV) e porcentagem de osso não vital (PONV), e análise imunoistoquímica (TRAP, RANKL e OPG). Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística (α=5%). Os resultados histológicos demonstraram que nos espécimes tratados com 5FU houve agravamento da perda óssea na região de furca comparado com os animais sistemicamente saudáveis (grupos PE e SS); que o tratamento com PRO como monoterapia (grupo 5FU-PRO) promoveu redução do processo inflamatório, denotando estabilização da doença periodontal; que o tratamento com RAR (grupo 5FU-RAR) reduziu o volume do infiltrado inflamatório mostrando sinais de reparação e a associação PRO-RAR (grupo 5FU-RAR-PRO) evidenciou nítida reestruturação tecidual aos 15 dias e menor área de reabsorção óssea aos 30 dias. Observou-se na análise histométrica que a POA foi maior no grupo 5FU-PRO em relação ao grupo SS aos 30 dias (p<0,05); a PTO foi maior no grupo 5FU-RAR-PRO aos 30 dias em comparação aos grupos EP, SS, 5FU e 5FU-PRO (p<0,05) e a POV foi maior no grupo 5FU-RAR-PRO em comparação ao grupo 5FU aos 7 dias, e maior aos 30 dias em comparação a todos os grupos experimentais (p<0,05). Não houve diferença entre os grupos e períodos na imunomarcação das células TRAP positivas. A RANKL mostrou alto padrão de imunomarcação nos grupos PE, SS e 5FU em todos períodos, e aos 7 dias no grupo 5FU-PRO, 5FU-RAR e 5FURAR-PRO, moderado padrão de imunomarcação nos grupos 5FU, 5FU-PRO, 5FURAR, e 5FU-RAR-PRO, mantendo-se baixo padrão neste último grupo, no período de 30 dias. Houve baixo padrão de imunomarcação de OPG em todos os grupos e períodos, exceto no grupo 5FU-RAR-PRO que mostrou moderado padrão. Diante dos resultados obtidos pode ser concluído que o uso do quimioterápico 5FU agravou a PE; que o uso do Saccharomyces ceveriseae associado à RAR, minimizou os efeitos do quimioterápico nos tecidos periodontais reduzindo o processo inflamatório, e reduzindo a porcentagem de destruição de tecido ósseo na área de furca em animais imunossuprimidos(AU)

The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of using probiotic (PRO) Saccharomyces ceveriseae as an adjuvant of scaling and root planing (SRP) in the treatment of experimental periodontitis (EP) induced in immunosuppressed animals with chemotherapeutic 5-Fluorouracil (5FU). One hundred and eight animals were submitted to EP induction by installing a cotton thread around the lower left or right first molar. Immunosuppression was obtained by intraperitoneal injection of 5FU applied in two moments: at the time of installing the ligature and after 48 hours. Seven days after installation, the ligature was removed and the animals were randomly separated into six experimental groups that received the following treatments: EP (n = 18) - animals that did not receive any systemic or local treatment; SS (n = 18) - animals that did not receive local treatment, only systemic treatment with saline solution (SS); 5FU (n = 18) - animals treated systemically with 5FU that did not receive any local treatment; 5FUPRO (n = 18) - animals treated systemically with 5FU that received local irrigation with 0.6 ml of PRO; 5FU-SRP (n = 18) - animals treated systemically with 5FU that received RAR and; 5FU-SRP-PRO (n = 18) - animals treated systemically with 5FU, which received treatment with SRP and local irrigation with 0.6 ml of PRO. Six animals from each period were euthanized at 7, 15 and 30 days after treatments. The specimens containing the interested area were obtained and processed for histopathological, histometric analysis of alveolar bone loss (ABL), percentage of bone tissue (PBT), percentage of vital bone (PVB) and percentage of non-vital bone (PNVB), and immunohistochemical analysis (TRAP, RANKL and OPG). The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis (α = 5%). The histological results showed that in the specimens treated with 5FU there was worsening of bone loss in the furcation region compared to healthy animals (EP and SS groups); that treatment with PRO as monotherapy (group 5FU-PRO) reduced the inflammatory process, denoting stabilization of periodontal disease; that treatment with SRP (5FU-SRP group) reduced the volume of the inflammatory infiltrate showing signs of repair and the PRO-SRP association (5FU-SRP-PRO group) showed a clear tissue restructuring at 15 days and a smaller area of bone resorption at 30 days. It was observed in the histometric analysis that ABL was higher in the 5FU-PRO group compared to SS group at 30 days (p <0.05); PTO was higher in 5FU-SRP-PRO group at 30 days compared to EP, SS, 5FU and 5FU-PRO groups (p <0.05) and PVB was higher in the 5FU-SRP-PRO group compared to 5FU group at 7 days, and greater at 30 days compared to all experimental groups (p <0.05). There was no difference between groups and periods in the immunostaining of TRAP positive cells. RANKL showed a high immunostaining pattern in the EP, SS and 5FU groups in all periods, and at 7 days in 5FU-PRO, 5FU-SRP and 5FU-SRP-PRO groups, a moderate immunostaining pattern in the 5FU, 5FU-PRO, 5FU-SRP and 5FU-SRP-PRO groups, maintaining a low standard in 5FU-SRP-PRO group, in the period of 30 days. There was a low pattern of OPG immunostaining in all groups and periods, except in 5FU-SRP-PRO group, which showed a moderate pattern. In view of the results obtained, it can be concluded that the use of 5FU chemotherapy has worsened the evolution of EP; that the use of Saccharomyces ceveriseae associated with RAR, minimized the effects of chemotherapy on periodontal tissues, reducing the inflammatory process, and reducing the percentage of bone tissue destruction in the furcation area in immunosuppressed animals(AU)

Effect of RIM21 gene disruption on flocculation of lager yeast / 生物工程学报

Lager yeast is the most popular yeast strain used for beer production in China. The flocculation of yeast plays an important role in cell separation at the end of fermentation. Therefore, appropriately enhancing the flocculation capability of the lager yeast without affecting its fermentation performance would be desirable for beer industry. Our previous study showed that the defect of gene RIM21 might contribute to the enhanced flocculation capability of a lager yeast G03. To further investigate the role of the RIM21 gene in flocculation of strain G03, this study constructed a RIM21-deleted mutant strain G03-RIM21Δ through homologous recombination. Deletion of RIM21 improved the flocculation capability of strain G03 during wort fermentation at 11 °C without changing its fermentation performance significantly. The expression of FLO5, Lg-FLO1 and some other genes involved in cell wall integrity pathway were up-regulated in strain G03-RIM21Δ. In addition, the disruption of RIM21 enhanced resistance of yeast cells to cell wall inhibitors. These results provide a basis for elucidating the flocculation mechanism of lager yeast under low-temperature fermentation conditions.

Efectos de la adición de probiótico Saccharomyces cerevisiae sobre histomorfología intestinal en pollos de engorde / Effects of addition of probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae on intestinal histomorphology in broilers

RESUMEN Este trabajo describe los efectos del probiótico Saccharomyces cerevisiae sobre el área, número de criptas de Lieberkühn en duodeno y yeyuno, y producción de moco en ambas secciones intestinales de pollos de engorde. Fueron empleados los tejidos de un total de 27 individuos clasificados en un grupo control GC (n=12) y un grupo suplementado con probióticos GP (n=15). Los resultados revelaron que los grupos suplementados con el S. cerevisiae presentaron una mayor amplitud del área de las criptas en duodeno (p= 0,0119) y yeyuno (p= 0,0355), menor número de criptas por milímetro en duodeno (p= 0,0420) y mayor producción de moco en duodeno respecto al grupo control (p= 0,0185), mientras que en yeyuno no se observaron diferencias significativas. Se concluyó que el uso de Saccharomyces cerevisiae aumentó el tamaño del área de las criptas en ambas secciones intestinales y aumentó la producción de moco en duodeno; lo cual, al aumentar la superficie de absorción intestinal, seguramente podría resultar en mejoras de los parámetros productivos.

ABSTRACT This work describes the effects of the probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the area, number of Lieberkühn crypts in the duodenum and jejunum, and mucus production in both intestinal sections. Tissues from a total of 27 individuals were used, classified in control group - GC (n = 12) and group supplemented with probiotics - GP (n = 15). The results revealed that the group supplemented with S. cerevisiae presented a greater area of the crypts in the duodenum (p = 0.0119) and jejunum (p = 0.0355), less number of crypts per millimeter in the duodenum (p = 0.0420) and higher mucus production in the duodenum compared to the control group (p = 0.0185), while in the jejunum no significant differences were observed. It was concluded that the use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae increased the size of the crypt area in both intestinal sections and increased mucus production in the duodenum; which by increasing the intestinal absorption surface could surely result in improvements in the productive parameters.

Biotic and abiotic resistance inducers for controlling white rust in rocket (Eruca sativa) / Indutores de resistência bióticos e abióticos para controle de ferrugem branca em rúcula (Eruca sativa)

Induced resistance emerges as an alternative method for controlling plant diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of biotic and abiotic resistance inducers for controlling white rust in rocket (Eruca sativa), as well as biochemical changes (peroxidase) and fitness costs. The experiments were developed with the abiotic inducers acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) (12.5, 25, and 50 mg ai L-1) and citrus biomass (CB) (0.1, 0.25, and 0.5%), as well as with the biotic ones Saccharomyces cerevisiae (25 mg mL-1), Bacillus thuringiensis (25 mg p.c. mL-1), Saccharomyces boulardii (25 mg mL-1), and phosphorylated mannan oligosaccharide (PMO) (0.25%), in preventive and curative interventions. Fungicide mancozeb (1.6 g ai L-1), Bordeaux mixture (1%), and water were the control treatments. Leaf samples were collected 3, 7, 11, 15, and 19 days after the treatments to determine peroxidases and assess the severity and production. Concerning abiotic inducers, all doses of ASM and CB 0.5% (preventive) and CB 0.25% (curative) reduced the severity of white rust, whereas, among biotic inducers, only PMO applied preventively controlled the disease. Peroxidase activity was higher for CB 0.25% and ASM 50 mg L-1. Bordeaux mixture induced higher peroxidase activity.(AU)

A indução de resistência surge como um método alternativo para o controle de doenças em plantas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de indutores de resistência bióticos e abióticos no controle de ferrugem branca em rúcula (Eruca sativa), bem como alterações bioquímicas (peroxidase) e o impacto na produção. Foram desenvolvidos experimentos com os indutores abióticos acibenzolar-S-metil (ASM) (12,5; 25 e 50 mg i.a. L-1) e biomassa cítrica (BC) (0,1; 0,25 e 0,5%), e os bióticos Saccharomyces cerevisiae (25 mg p.c. mL-1), Bacillus thuringiensis (25 mg p.c. mL-1), Saccharomyces boulardii (25 mg p.c. mL-1) e manano-oligossacarídeo fosforilado (MOF) (0,25%), sendo aplicados preventiva e curativamente. Como controles foram utilizados o fungicida mancozeb (1,6 g i.a. L-1), calda bordalesa (1%) e água. Amostras de folhas foram coletadas aos 3, 7, 11, 15 e 19 dias após os tratamentos para a determinação de peroxidases, e avaliações de severidade e produção. Entre os indutores abióticos, todas as doses de ASM e BC 0,5% (preventivamente) e BC 0,25% (curativamente) reduziram a severidade da ferrugem branca, enquanto entre os indutores bióticos, apenas o MOF aplicado preventivamente, controlou a doença. A atividade de peroxidase foi superior para BC 0,25% e ASM 50 mg L-1. O tratamento com calda bordalesa também incrementou a atividade de peroxidase.(AU)

Effect of ultraviolet radiation on physiological and biochemical properties of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae during fermentation of ultradispersed starch raw material

Background: Study of correlation between pretreatment of yeast with ultraviolet radiation and efficiency of further fermentation of wort made of ultrafine grain particles to ethanol. Results: We investigated three races of industrial yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (native and irradiated by ultraviolet). Physiological properties during fermentation of starchy wort were tested in all variants. It was shown that activation of the yeast by ultraviolet radiation allows to further increase the ethanol yield by 25% on average compared with the native yeast races when using thin (up to micro- and nano-sized particles) or standard grain grinding. Conclusions: Using mechanical two-stage grinding of starchy raw materials and ultraviolet pretreatment of yeast, the efficiency of saccharification of starch and fermentation of wort to ethanol was increased.

Heat-Killed Saccharomyces cerevisiae, A Dectin-1 Agonist, Selectively Induces IgG4 Production by Human B Cells

Dectin-1 is a major receptor that recognizes fungal cell wall β-glucan. We previously reported that heat-killed Saccharomyces cerevisiae (HKSC), a Dectin-1 agonist, selectively induces IgG1 class switching in mouse B cells. Dectin-1 is also expressed on human B cells; however, Dectin-1 function in human B cells remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the direct effect of in vitro stimulation using HKSC on Ig class switching in human B cells. HKSC selectively induced the expression of germline γ4 transcripts (GLTγ4) by human B cell line 2E2, and HKSC significantly augmented GLTγ4 promoter activity. Moreover, HKSC selectively enhanced GLTγ4 expression and IgG4 production by anti-CD40-activated human tonsillar resting B cells. Thus, these results suggest that Dectin-1 maybe involved in selective IgG4 class switching by human B cells.

Probiotics in Children: What Is the Evidence? / 대한소아소화기영양학회지

The number of papers discussing probiotics increases tremendously that limits the possibility for primary care physicians and clinicians to stay updated. Therefore, the aim of this paper will be to summarize available evidence of probiotic use in well-defined clinical indications of importance for pediatricians. Based on currently available evidence certain probiotic strains (Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG [LGG] and Saccharomyces boulardii) have proven effect in the treatment of acute gastroenteritis and prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhea. Furthermore, LGG was proven to be effective in prevention of nosocomial diarrhea and respiratory tract infection in day care centers. In conclusion, not all probiotic strains have same efficacy for all clinical indications, therefore, only strains with proven efficacy and safety should be recommended.

A Retrospective Analysis of Characteristics of Probiotics Associated with Invasive Bacterial Infections in Children

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the clinical features and risk factors of invasive infections caused by Lactobacillus spp. and Saccharomyces spp., components of commercially available probiotics. METHODS: We analyzed demographic and clinical data from children ≤18 years of age with an invasive infection caused by Lactobacillus spp. or Saccharomyces spp. at the Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital from January 1998 to June 2016. Probiotic consumption data were also analyzed. RESULTS: During the study period, a total of 24 episodes of invasive infections were caused by Lactobacillus spp. (n=16) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (n=8). Along with the increase of probiotic use (755,594 [days/1,000 patient-admission days] in 2001 to 2005, 1,444,066 in 2006 to 2010, and 6,904,736 in 2011 to 2016), the incidence of probiotic-associated invasive infection increased (R2=0.70). The median age of the patients was 1.8 years (range, 2 months to 17 years), and most of them had underlying medical conditions. The 30-day mortality rate was 20.8% (5/24), and 11 (45.8%) of these patients resulted from a severe invasive infection. We determined the risk factors for invasive infection to be: previous intensive care unit stay (odds ratio [OR], 3.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5 to 6.1] and the presence of a central venous catheter (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.2 to 4.3). CONCLUSIONS: Although the probiotic-associated invasive infections rarely occurred in children, the incidence has increased along with probiotic pressure. Judicious use of probiotics is mandatory, especially in young children with underlying medical conditions and continuous surveillance will be needed to minimize the safety concerns.

A Retrospective Analysis of Characteristics of Probiotics Associated with Invasive Bacterial Infections in Children

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the clinical features and risk factors of invasive infections caused by Lactobacillus spp. and Saccharomyces spp., components of commercially available probiotics. METHODS: We analyzed demographic and clinical data from children ≤18 years of age with an invasive infection caused by Lactobacillus spp. or Saccharomyces spp. at the Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital from January 1998 to June 2016. Probiotic consumption data were also analyzed. RESULTS: During the study period, a total of 24 episodes of invasive infections were caused by Lactobacillus spp. (n=16) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (n=8). Along with the increase of probiotic use (755,594 [days/1,000 patient-admission days] in 2001 to 2005, 1,444,066 in 2006 to 2010, and 6,904,736 in 2011 to 2016), the incidence of probiotic-associated invasive infection increased (R2=0.70). The median age of the patients was 1.8 years (range, 2 months to 17 years), and most of them had underlying medical conditions. The 30-day mortality rate was 20.8% (5/24), and 11 (45.8%) of these patients resulted from a severe invasive infection. We determined the risk factors for invasive infection to be: previous intensive care unit stay (odds ratio [OR], 3.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5 to 6.1] and the presence of a central venous catheter (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.2 to 4.3). CONCLUSIONS: Although the probiotic-associated invasive infections rarely occurred in children, the incidence has increased along with probiotic pressure. Judicious use of probiotics is mandatory, especially in young children with underlying medical conditions and continuous surveillance will be needed to minimize the safety concerns.

Permeabilization of Saccharomyces fragilis IZ 275 cells with ethanol to obtain a biocatalyst with lactose hydrolysis capacity / Permeabilização de células de Saccharomyces fragilis IZ 275 com etanol para obtenção de biocatalisador com capacidade de hidrólise de lactose

The permeabilization was used to transform microorganisms in cell biocatalysts with high enzymatic activity. The Saccharomyces fragilis IZ 275 yeast cells were permeabilized with ethanol, as permeabilizing agent. To optimize the permeabilization conditions were used the design of Box-Behnken 15 trials (3 central points). The independent variables and their levels were ethanol (29, 32 and 35%), temperature (15, 20 and 25°C) and time (15, 20 and 25 min). The answer (Y) function has beta-galactosidase activity (U mg-1). The optimum conditions for obtaining a high enzymatic activity were observed in 35% ethanol concentration, temperature 15ºC and 20 min. treatment time. The maximum activity of the enzyme beta-galactosidase obtained was 10.59 U mg-1. The permeabilization of the S. fragilis IZ 275 cells was efficient.

A permeabilização foi usada para transformar células de microrganismos em biocatalisadores com alta atividade enzimática. As células de levedura de Saccharomyces fragilis IZ 275 foram permeabilizadas com etanol, como agente permeabilizante. Para otimizar as condições de permeabilização foi utilizado o delineamento de Box-Behnken com 15 ensaios (3 repetições no ponto central) . As variáveis independentes e seus níveis foram etanol (29, 32 e 35%), temperatura (15, 20 e 25ºC) e tempo (15, 20 e 25 min.). A função resposta (Y) foi atividade de beta-galactosidase (U mg-1). As condições ótimas para a obtenção de uma alta atividade enzimática foram observadas em 35% de concentração de etanol, temperatura de 15°C e tempo de tratamento de 20 minutos. A máxima atividade da enzima beta-galactosidase obtida foi de 10.59 U mg-1. A permeabilização das células de S. fragilis IZ 275 foi eficiente.

Saccharomyces boulardii Interfere nas vias de sinalização celular NF-KB, MAPK e TLR/MYD88 alteradas pelo 5-fluorouracil

Introdução: A mucosite induzida por antineoplásicos é um fator limitante na terapiaanticâncer. O trato gastrintestinal é vulnerável por causa da alta proliferação e frequência de renovação celular. Saccharomyces boulardii(SB) é uma levedura probiótica que é utilizadapara proteger a microflora gastrintestinal dodesequilíbrio e de distúrbios gastrintestinais associados. Objetivos: Avaliar o efeito do tratamento com SBna resposta inflamatória e nas vias de sinalização celular (NFkB e MAPK) e nos receptores Toll-like 2 e 4 associados a proteína adaptadora (MyD88)no curso da mucosite intestinal experimental induzida por 5-FU. Métodos: Camundongos machos Swiss (25-30g) foram tratados com 5-FU(450mg/Kg,i.p.)ou com solução salina(controle). OgrupoSB recebeudurante 3 diasconsecutivossomente o SB (1.109UFC/Kg, gavagem)até o dia do sacrifício. Ogrupo 5-FU+SB recebeu SBpor3diasconsecutivosapós a administração do 5-FU. No 4º dia após o 5-FU ou 5-FU+SB, os animais foram sacrificados, amostras de jejuno e íleo foram retiradas e os parâmetros gerais da mucosite foram avaliados (leucograma, perca de peso, diarreia, histologiaeMPO). Utilizou-se também as células Caco2 incubadascom 5-FU (1mM) e SB por 24h. Avaliou-se tambéma inflamação e as vias de sinalização celular, para isso avaliamos aexpressão de NFkB, IkB, MAPK (p-ERK1/2,p-p38, p-JNK), iNOS, citocinaspró-inflamatórias(TNF-α, IL-1β, CXCL1, IL-8, IL-4, IL-6, IL-12, IFN-ɣ), receptores toll-like 2 e 4 e,MyD88. Utilizou-seos métodos de ELISA e Imunohistoquímica para as análises em tecidos animais e, utilizamos as técnicas de qPCR e de WB para as análises celulares...

Introduction: Intestinal mucositis is a frequent side-effect associated to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) clinical use and results in inflammatory events. It is characterized by epithelial ulcerations in the mucosa and clinical manifestations of abdominal pain, nauseas and diarrhea.Saccharomyces boulardiiis a probiotic yeast which has been shown to protect the gastrointestinal microflora from disequilibrium and from associated gastrointestinal disorders. Aim: To evaluate the effect of treatment with SB in the inflammatory response and in cellular signaling pathways (MAPK and NFkB) and Toll-like receptors 2 and 4, and associated adapter protein (MyD88) in the course of experimental intestinal mucositis induced by 5-FU. Methods: Male Swiss mice (25-30g) were treated with 5-FU (450 mg / kg, i.p.) or saline (control). The SB group received for 3 consecutive days only the SB (1,109CFU / kg, gavage) until the day of sacrifice. 5-FU group received 5-FU+SB for 3 consecutive days after administration of 5-FU. On the 4th day after 5-FU or 5-FU + SB, the animals were sacrificed, samples of jejunum and ileum were removed and the general parameters of mucositis were evaluated (WBC, loss of weight, diarrhea, histology and MPO). It also used the Caco2 cells treated with 5-FU (1mM) and SB for 24h. We also evaluated the inflammation and cellular signaling pathways, for that evaluate the expression of NFkB, IkB, MAPK (p-ERK1 / 2, p38-p, p-JNK), iNOS, inflammatory proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, CXCL1, IL-8, IL-4, IL-6, IL-12, IFN-ɣ), toll-like receptors 2 and 4 and MyD88. Immunohistochemistry and ELISA methods were used for the analysis in animal tissues and used qPCR techniques and WB for cell analysis...

Estabilidade de micro-organismos potencialmente probióticos em barra de cereais - efeito da técnica de incorporação / Stability of microorganisms potentially probiotics in cereal bar - Effect of technique of incorporation

Este trabalho objetivou desenvolver formulações de barras de cereais contendo Lactobacillus acidophilus e Saccharomyces boulardii e avaliar a estabilidade destes micro-organismos potencialmente probióticos no produto elaborado durante o tempo de armazenamento (shelf life). Foram formuladas barras de cereais contendo separadamente os agentes probióticos S. boulardii e L. acidophilus, ambos nas formas liofilizada, granulados com lactose e encapsulados em alginato de cálcio. Foi avaliada a estabilidade dos micro-organismos durante o tempo de armazenamento. Tanto a levedura S. boulardii quanto a bactéria L. acidophilus apresentaram maior sobrevida na forma liofilizada, quando comparado com as outras formas de incorporação, mantendo contagem na faixa de 7 log UFC/g, durante oito semanas e na faixa de 7 log UFC/g, durante seis semanas, respectivamente. Comparando os resultados da incorporação dos dois micro-organismos na forma livre liofilizada observouse que a população de S. boulardii apresentou melhores resultados de viabilidade quando comparada com a população de L. acidophilus. Este estudo mostrou que é possível incorporar micro-organismos potencialmente probióticos em barras de cereais, preferencialmente na forma liofilizada, por proporcionar maior sobrevida dos micro-organismos.(AU)

This study aims to develop formulations of cereal bars that contain Lactobacillus acidophilus and Saccharomyces boulardii and evaluate the stability of these potentially probiotic microorganisms in the elaborated product during the time of storage (shelf life). Cereal bars were designed containing separately the probiotic agents S. boulardii and L. acidophilus, both in the lyophilized form, granulated with lactose form and encapsulated in calcium alginate form. The stability of microorganisms during storage time was evaluated. Both, the yeast S. boulardii as well as the bacterium L. acidophilus showed a higher survival in the lyophilized form when compared with the other forms of incorporation, keeping the count in the range of 7 log UFC/g for eight weeks and in the range 7 log UFC/g for six weeks, respectively. Comparing the results of the incorporation of the two microorganisms in the free lyophilized form, one could observe that the population of S. boulardii showed better results of viability when compared with the population of L. acidophilus. This study showed that it is possible to incorporate potentially probiotic microorganisms in cereal bars, preferably in the lyophilized form, in order to provide a higher survival of the microorganisms.(AU)

Probiotics: an update / Probióticos: informações atualizadas

OBJECTIVE: Triggered by the growing knowledge on the link between the intestinal microbiome and human health, the interest in probiotics is ever increasing. The authors aimed to review the recent literature on probiotics, from definitions to clinical benefits, with emphasis on children. SOURCES: Relevant literature from searches of PubMed, CINAHL, and recent consensus statements were reviewed. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: While a balanced microbiome is related to health, an imbalanced microbiome or dysbiosis is related to many health problems both within the gastro-intestinal tract, such as diarrhea and inflammatory bowel disease, and outside the gastro-intestinal tract such as obesity and allergy. In this context, a strict regulation of probiotics with health claims is urgent, because the vast majority of these products are commercialized as food (supplements), claiming health benefits that are often not substantiated with clinically relevant evidence. The major indications of probiotics are in the area of the prevention and treatment of gastro-intestinal related disorders, but more data has become available on extra-intestinal indications. At least two published randomized controlled trials with the commercialized probiotic product in the claimed indication are a minimal condition before a claim can be sustained. Today, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Saccharomyces boulardii are the best-studied strains. Although adverse effects have sporadically been reported, these probiotics can be considered as safe. CONCLUSIONS: Although regulation is improving, more stringent definitions are still required. Evidence of clinical benefit is accumulating, although still missing in many areas. Misuse and use of products that have not been validated constitute potential drawbacks. .

OBJETIVO: Motivado pelo conhecimento cada vez maior da associação entre o microbioma intestinal e a saúde humana, o interesse nos probióticos vem crescendo cada vez mais. Os autores visaram analisar a última literatura a respeito dos probióticos, de definições a benefícios clínicos com ênfase nas crianças. FONTES DOS DADOS: Foi analisada a literatura relevante de pesquisas do PubMed, do CINAHL e dos últimos consensos. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Apesar de um equilíbrio no microbioma estar relacionado à saúde, um desequilíbrio no microbioma ou disbiose está relacionado a vários problemas de saúde no trato gastrointestinal, como diarreia e doença inflamatória intestinal, e fora do trato gastrointestinal, como obesidade e alergia. Nesse contexto, a regulamentação rigorosa dos probióticos a alegações de saúde é urgente, pois a grande maioria desses produtos é comercializada como alimentação (suplementos), alegando benefícios à saúde que frequentemente não são comprovados com evidências clinicamente relevantes. As principais indicações de probióticos são feitas na área da prevenção e tratamento de doenças gastrointestinais, porém mais dados têm sido disponibilizados a respeito de indicações extraintestinais. Pelo menos dois ensaios clínicos controlados e randomizados publicados com o probiótico comercializado na indicação declarada são a condição mínima antes de uma afirmação poder ser mantida. Atualmente, o Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG e Saccharomyces boulardii são as melhores cepas estudadas. Apesar de efeitos adversos terem sido esporadicamente relatados, os probióticos podem ser considerados seguros. CONCLUSÕES: Apesar de a regulamentação estar aumentando, ainda são necessárias definições mais rigorosas. As evidências de benefícios clínicos estão aumentando, apesar de ainda ausentes em várias áreas. O uso inadequado e a utilização de produtos não validados constituem possíveis desvantagens. .

effect of saccharomyces strains and fermentation condition on the ph, foam property and CO2 concentration of non-alcoholic beer [Ma-al-shaeer]

This study aims to determine the effect of fermentation condition and Saccharomyces strains on the pH, foam property and CO[2] concentration of non-alcoholic beer [Ma-al-shaeer]. For this, the beer samples were inoculated with four different species of Saccharomyces [Saccharomyces rouxii 70531, S. rouxii 70535, S. ludwigii 3447 and S. cerevisiae 70424] and fermented for 48h in both aerobic and periodic aeration at three different temperatures. Then their pH, CO[2] concentration and foam property were analyzed in 12h intervals during 48h fermentation. The results shows that the treatments with 4×10[7] CFU.ml[-1] and periodic aeration at 24?C showed the greatest decrease in pH, and the treatments with 10[7] CFU.ml[-1] and aerobic-periodic aeration at 4?C showed the lowest decrease in pH. The highest and lowest amounts of CO[2] and foam property were obtained in the treatments with 4×10[7] CFU.ml[-1] inoculation, aerobic condition, and the treatments with 10[7] CFU.ml[-1], periodic aeration, respectively. These results further demonstrated that the highest drop in pH, and the highest ability of producing CO[2] and foam were for S. cerevisiae 70424, and the lowest belonged to S. rouxii 70531. The overall outcome of the study points to the fact that physico-chemical properties of Ma-al-shaeer is important from the consumers' point of view. Therefore, S. cerevisiae with 4×10[7] CFU.ml[-1] inoculation and aerobic condition at 4°C has promising potential for producing Ma-al-shaeer with good physicochemical properties

The Efficacy of Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 in Addition to Standard Helicobacter pylori Eradication Treatment in Children / 대한소아소화기영양학회지

PURPOSE: This study aims to investigate Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 during Helicobacter pylori eradication in children. METHODS: One hundred ninety-four H. pylori positive children were randomized in two groups. Therapy (omeprazole+clarithromycin+amoxicillin or omeprazole+clarithromycin+metronidazole in case of penicillin allergy) was given to both groups during two weeks. In the treatment group (n: 102) S. boulardii was added to the triple therapy, while the control group (n: 92) only received triple therapy. The incidence, onset, duration and severity of diarrhea and compliance to the eradication treatment were compared. A 13C urea breath test was done 4 weeks after the end of eradication therapy in two groups of 21 patients aged 12 years and older to test the H. pylori eradication rate. RESULTS: In the treatment group, diarrhea occurred in 12 cases (11.76%), starting after 6.25+/-1.24 days, lasting 3.17+/-1.08 days, and compliance to eradication treatment was 100%. In the control group, diarrhea occurred in 26 cases (28.26%), starting after 4.05+/-1.11 days, lasting 4.02+/-0.87 days, and in six cases eradication treatment was stopped prematurely (p<0.05). The 13C urea breath test showed successful H. pylori eradication in 71.4% of the patients in the treatment and in 61.9 % in the control group (not significant). CONCLUSION: S. boulardii has a beneficial effect on the prevention and treatment of diarrhea during H. pylori eradication in children. Although S. boulardii did only slightly increase H. pylori eradication rate, compliance to eradication treatment was improved.

Probiotic Therapy of the Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Why Is the Evidence Still Poor and What Can Be Done About It?

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Despite numerous randomized clinical trials and meta-analyses, there is no increased evidence for the efficacy of probiotics in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). We review this evidence, identify and analyse the reasons for this lack of evidence and propose methodological improvements for future studies. METHODS: Based on a literature search, we identified 56 papers that matched the purpose of our analyses. Twenty-seven studies used multi-species bacterial preparations and 29 used single-strain probiotics. They were analysed regarding patients included, treatment duration, probiotic dosage, and outcome measures. RESULTS: Trials in both groups suffered from heterogeneity with respect to probiotic concentration, duration of treatment, and other methodological issues (crossover design and underpowered studies). This heterogeneity did not allow the application of a meta-analytic approach and a systematic review was therefore performed instead. Multi-strain preparations combined 2 to 8 different bacterial subspecies, mostly lactobacilli or bifidobacteria, and used variable lengths of treatments. Overall, more than 50% of trials presented negative outcomes. The majority of the single-strain probiotic trials employing lactobacilli or Saccharomyces were negative, whereas trials employing bifidobacteria showed positive results. CONCLUSIONS: The heterogeneity of the studies of probiotics in IBS questions the value of meta-analyses. The use of different bacterial strains and different mixtures of these strains, as well as different dosages, are the main contributors to this heterogeneity. Current data provides limited evidence for the efficacy of a small number of single-strain probiotics in IBS (mostly bifidobacteria) and sound studies following strict trial guidelines (Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency guidelines for clinical trials) are needed. We summarised and proposed some methodological issues for future studies in the field.

Clinical effect of triple therapy combined with Saccharomyces boulardii in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in children / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the clinical effect of proton pump inhibitor-based triple therapy combined with Saccharomyces boulardii in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection among children in terms of Hp eradication rate and incidence of adverse events.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A prospective randomised controlled study was conducted on 240 children with a confirmed diagnosis of Hp infection. These patients were randomized into triple therapy (n=120) and probiotics groups (n=120). The triple therapy group received amoxicillin [40 mg/(kg·d), Tid], clarithromycin [15 mg/(kg·d), Bid] and omeprazole [0.7-0.8 mg/(kg·d), Qd], while the probiotics group received Saccharomyces boulardii (250 mg, Bid) in addition to triple therapy. The course of treatment was 14 days in both groups. The adverse events in subjects were recorded by their parents during treatment. Hp eradiation was evaluated by (13)C breath test at 4 weeks after treatment, and the eradication rate and incidence of adverse events were compared between the two groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The Hp eradication rates were 75.8% (91/120) in the triple therapy group and 85% (102/120) in the probiotics group (P>0.05). Compared with the triple therapy group, the probiotics group had nonsignificantly lower incidence of nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain (P>0.05) and significantly lower incidence of stomatitis, constipation and diarrhea (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Triple therapy combined with Saccharomyces boulardii cannot significantly increase Hp eradication rate, but can significantly reduce the incidence of stomatitis, constipation, and diarrhea during treatment.</p>

A Double-Blind, Randomized, Active Drug Comparative, Parallel-Group, Multi-Center Clinical Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Probiotics (Bacillus licheniformis, Zhengchangsheng(R) capsule) in Patients with Diarrhea

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Bacillus Licheniformis, a probiotic used in the treatment of diarrhea, has been shown to suppress the growth of pathologic bacteria. This study was performed to assess the therapeutic efficacy and safety of Zhengchangsheng(R) (Bacillus Licheniformis) in comparison with another probiotic, Bioflor(R) (Saccharomyces Boulardii) for the treatment of diarrhea. METHODS: Patients with diarrhea (n=158) were randomized to receive Zhengchangsheng(R) or Bioflor(R) for 5 days. The existence or non-existence of formed feces, changes in daily stool frequency, improvement of subjective symptoms, and changes in the severity of diarrhea were compared. RESULTS: Of the 158 full analysis set (FAS) patient population, 151 patients comprised the per protocol (PP) analysis. The rates of recovered to formed feces in the Bacillus and Saccharomyces groups were 91.0% vs. 95.0% in the FAS (P=0.326) and 90.5% vs. 96.1% in the PP analysis (P=0.169), respectively. The mean duration of diarrhea changing to formed feces was 3.15+/-1.10 days in the Bacillus group and 3.22+/-1.01 in the Saccharomyces group (P=0.695, FAS). The frequency of defecation, subjective symptoms, and degree of severe diarrhea were improved in both groups, however, there were no statistically significant differences between the 2 groups. Analysis of the 95% confidence intervals for the differences in the rate of recovery to formed feces between the 2 groups met the criteria for non-inferiority of Bacillus compared to Saccharomyces. No significant adverse events were observed during the study period. CONCLUSIONS: Zhengchangsheng(R) is not inferior to Bioflor(R) in therapeutic efficacy and is a safe and useful therapeutic agent for the treatment of diarrhea.

Treatment of dirrrhea-predominant irritable bowl syndrome with mesalazine and//or saccharomyces boulardii / Tratamento da sindrome do intestino irritavel tipo diarreia-predominante com mesalazina e/ou saccharomyces boulardii

Context Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional bowel disease characterized by abdominal pain and altered intestinal habits. The pathophysiology of IBS remains unclear. Recent studies have demonstrated that some IBS patients, especially in diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D), display persistent signs of minor mucosal inflammation and a modified intestinal microflora. The mesalazine has known intestinal anti-inflammatory properties. Saccharomyces boulardii is a probiotic used for a long time in treatment of diarrhea, including infectious diarrhea. Objective Evaluate the effects of mesalazine alone, combined therapy of mesalazine with liophylised Saccharomyces boulardii or alone on symptoms of IBS-D patients. Methods Based on Rome III criteria, 53 IBS-D patients (18 year or more) were included. To exclude organic diseases all patients underwent colonoscopy, stool culture, serum anti-endomisium antibody, lactose tolerance test and ova and parasite exam. Patients were divided in three groups: mesalazine group (MG) - 20 patients received mesalazine 800 mg t.i.d. for 30 days; mesalazine and Saccharomyces boulardii group (MSbG) - 21 patients received mesalazine 800 mg t.i.d. and Saccharomyces boulardii 200 mg t.i.d. for 30 days and; Saccharomyces boulardii group (SbG) – 12 patients received Sb 200 mg t.i.d. for 30 days. Drugs that might have any effect on intestinal motility or secretion were not allowed. Symptom evaluations at baseline and after treatment were performed by means of a 4-point likert scale including: stool frequency, stool form and consistency (Bristol scale), abdominal pain and distension. Paired t test and Kruskal-Wallis test were used for statistical analyses. Results Compared to baseline, there were statistically significant reduction of symptom score after 30 th day therapy in all three groups: MG (P<0.0001); MSbG (P<0.0001) and in SbG (P = 0.003). There were statistically significant differences in ...

Contexto A síndrome do intestino irritável (SII) é uma doença funcional do intestino, caracterizada por dor abdominal e alterações do hábito intestinal, cuja fisiopatologia permanece desconhecida. Estudos recentes sustentam a hipótese de que algumas formas de SII, especialmente a síndrome do intestino irritável tipo diarreia (SII-D), apresentam sinais de uma inflamação de baixo grau persistente da mucosa intestinal e alterações da microflora intestinal. A mesalazina é conhecida por suas propriedades anti-inflamatórias intestinais. O Saccharomyces boulardii é um probiótico largamente utilizado para o tratamento da diarreia relacionada à causa infecciosa. Objetivo Avaliar os efeitos da mesalazina, da terapia com mesalazina combinada ao Saccharomyces boulardii e do Saccharomyces boulardii, em pacientes com SII-D. Método Com base nos critérios de Roma III, 53 pacientes com SII-D (maiores de 18 anos) foram incluídos. Para excluir as doenças orgânicas, todos os pacientes realizaram colonoscopia, coprocultura, anticorpo anti-endomísio, teste de tolerância à lactose e exame parasitológico de fezes. Os pacientes foram divididos em três grupos: grupo mesalazina (GM) – 20 pacientes foram medicados com mesalazina via oral 800 mg t.i.d. por 30 dias; grupo mesalazina e Saccharomyces boulardii (GMSb) – 21 pacientes foram medicados com mesalazina 800mg t.i.d. e Saccharomyces boulardii 200 mg via oral t.i.d. por 30 dias; grupo Saccharomyces boulardii (GSb) – 12 pacientes foram medicados com Saccharomyces boulardii 200 mg t.i.d. por 30 dias. Não foram permitidas drogas concomitantes com algum efeito sobre secreção ou motilidade intestinal. Os sintomas foram avaliados no basal e após tratamento por meio da escala de Likert de 4 pontos que incluía: frequência ...

Adição da parede celular de levedura (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) na dieta para frangos de corte / Addition of the yeast cell wall (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in the diet for broilers chickens

Os efeitos da parede celular de Saccharomyces cerevisiae (PCSc) na dieta para frangos foram avaliados com base nos tratamentos: dieta referência com avilamicina (AV); dieta referência (DR); DR com 0,1% de PCSc (PCSc0,1); DR com 0,2% de PCSc (PCSc0,2); DR com 0,3% de PCSc (PCSc0,3). O delineamento foi o de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições de 10 aves, totalizando 300 frangos, machos. No período de nove a 21 dias de idade, o tratamento PCSc0,3 influenciou negativamente no ganho de peso (631g), e no período de 34 a 39 dias, o tratamento PCSc0,1 proporcionou melhor ganho de peso (461g) em relação ao tratamento com o antimicrobiano. O maior peso vivo ao abate, 2571g, foi obtido no tratamento PCSc0,1. Os pesos absolutos de sobrecoxa e coxa+sobrecoxa foram maiores nos tratamentos PCSc0,1 (290g e 560g) e PCSc0,2 (292g e 561g) e menores no tratamento PCSc0,3 (263g e 515g). Não houve influência na metabolizabilidade da ração e na contagem total de coliformes totais no íleo. Dietas com inclusão de até 0,2% de PCSc resultaram em índices produtivos adequados, podendo ser utilizadas como aditivo em dietas livres de antimicrobiano melhorador de desempenho sem o comprometimento do desempenho, características de carcaça, metabolizabilidade da ração e da contagem total de coliformes totais do íleo.

The effects of the yeast cell wall (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (CWSc) in the diet of broiler chickens were evaluated through the following treatments: reference diet with avilamicin (AV); reference diet (RD); RD with 0.1% CWSc (CWSc0,1); RD with 0.2% CWSc (CWSc0,2); RD with 0.3% CWSc (CWSc0,3). The study design was randomized blocks, with five treatments and six replicates of 10 birds, totaling 300 male broilers. In the period from 9 to 21 days treatment CWSc0.3 had a negative influence on weight gain (631g) and from 34 to 39 days CWSc0.1 provided better weight gain (461g) compared to the treatment with the antimicrobial. The highest live weight value at slaughter, 2,571 grams, was obtained in treatment CWSc0.1. The absolute weights of drumstick and thigh+drumstick were higher in treatments CWSc0.1 (290g and 560g) and CWSc0.2 (292g and 561g) and were lower for CWSc0.3 (263g and 515g). There was no influence of the treatments on both the metabolizability and the total count of coliforms in the ileum. Diets until 0.2% of PCSc inclusion resulted in correct productive rates and they can be used as a ration growth promoter additive in antimicrobial free diets without damage on performance, carcass characteristics, organ weight, metabolizability of the diets and total coliform count in the ileum.